Merge pull request 'Add basic assembler design document' (#5) from basic-assembler-design into master

Reviewed-on: https://git.rfnull.com/ToyPC/ToyCPU-4bit/pulls/5

ASM-SYNTAX.md

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+# ASM SYNTAX
+
+Grammar is described via
+[McKeeman Form](https://www.crockford.com/mckeeman.html).
+
+Instruction operands order resembles Intel syntax.
+
+`digit(min, max)` is a representation of binary, octal,
+decimal or hexadecimal integer in range `[min, max]`.
+I don't want to describe grammar for integers because
+it does not seem like a trivial task. Sue me.
+
+```
+asm
+	expressions
+
+expressions
+	expression
+	expression '\n' expressions
+
+expression
+	instruction
+	byte-literal
+
+byte-literal
+	'BYTE' digit(0, 255)
+
+instruction
+	mov
+	jmp
+	'EQ'
+	'GT'
+	'LE'
+	'NOT'
+	shift
+	'INC'
+	'DEC'
+	'ADD'
+	'SUB'
+	'AND'
+	'OR'
+	'XOR'
+	'XNOR'
+	'COMPL' register
+	'SETC' digit(0, 1)
+	'NOP'
+	'HALT'
+	'CLOAD' register
+	'ZERO' register
+	'DIV'
+	'MUL'
+	'SWAP'
+	'PRTCHK'
+	'PRTRD'
+	'PRTWR'
+
+mov
+	'MOV' register ',' memory
+	'MOV' memory ',' register
+	'MOV' register-half ',' digit(0, 15)
+	'MOV' register ',' register
+
+jmp
+	'JMP' digit(-4, 8)
+	'JE' digit(-4, 8)
+	'JNE' digit(-4, 8)
+	'AJMP' register
+	'AJE' register
+	'AJNE' register
+
+shift
+	'SHR'
+	'SHL'
+	'ROTR'
+	'ROTL'
+	'SHR' register ',' digit(0, 7)
+	'SHL' register ',' digit(0, 7)
+	'ROTR' register ',' digit(0, 7)
+	'ROTL' register ',' digit(0, 7)
+
+register
+	'R0'
+	'R1'
+
+memory
+	'[' digit(0, 15) ']'
+
+register-half
+	register '.l'
+	register '.h'
+```
+
+## Missing stuff
+
+There are no labels.
+We will probably implement them in future.
+Or we will probably not.
+
+## Sample program
+
+```asm
+MOV R0.l, 0xF
+MOV R1.l, 0x3
+ADD
+MOV [0], R0
+ZERO R0
+HALT
+```